陶哲轩博客写数学问题时，通常先把对象定义清楚，再给直觉、反例和证明轮廓。把「Khot, Osher, Griffiths」改写成可阅读的中文笔记，重点是：问题在问什么、已知到哪一步、下一步最容易走偏在哪。原站广告、分享条和导航已去掉。

问题在问什么

In addition to the Fields medallists mentioned in the previous post , the IMU also awarded the Nevanlinna prize to Subhash Khot , the Gauss prize to Stan Osher (my colleague here at UCLA!), and the Chern medal to Phillip Griffiths . Like I did in 2010, I’ll try to briefly discuss one result of each of the prize winners, though the fields of mathematics here are even further from my expertise than those discussed in the previous post (and all the caveats from that post apply h

Subhash Khot is best known for his Unique Games Conjecture , a problem in complexity theory that is perhaps second in importance only to the problem for the purposes of demarcating the mysterious line between “easy” and “hard” problems (if one follows standard practice and uses “polynomial time” as the definition of “easy”). The problem can be viewed as an assertion that it is difficult to find exact solutions to certain standard theoretical computer science problems (such as

已知结果和反例

My colleague Stan Osher has worked in many areas of applied mathematics, ranging from image processing to modeling fluids for major animation studies such as Pixar or Dreamworks, but today I would like to talk about one of his contributions that is close to an area of my own expertise, namely compressed sensing . One of the basic reconstruction problem in compressed sensing is the basis pursuit problem of finding the vector in an affine space (where and are given, and is typi

This functional is more convex, and is over a computationally simpler domain than the affine space , so is easier (though still not entirely trivial) to optimise over. However, the minimiser to this problem need not match the minimiser to the original problem, particularly if the (sub-)gradient of the original functional is large at , and if is not set to be small. (And setting too small will cause other difficulties with numerically solving the optimisation problem, due to t

证明或构造的主线

then some simple convexity considerations reveal that the minimiser to this new problem will match the minimiser to the original problem, provided that is (or more precisely, lies in) the (sub-)gradient of at – even if is not small. But, one does not know in advance what the correct value of should be, because one does not know what the minimiser is.

With Yin, Goldfarb and Darbon, Osher introduced a Bregman iteration method in which one solves for and simultaneously; given an initial guess for both and , one first updates to the minimiser of the convex functional

阅读时建议盯住的点

and then updates to the natural value of the subgradient at , namely

(note upon taking the first variation of (1) that is indeed in the subgradient). This procedure converges remarkably quickly (both in theory and in practice) to the true minimiser even for non-small values of , and also has some ability to be parallelised, and has led to actual performance improvements of an order of magnitude or more in certain compressed sensing problems (such as reconstructing an MRI image).

阅读和落地时建议先做的 5 件事

1. 用自己的语言重写定义和结论，不看原文能不能说清对象是什么。
2. 找一个最小反例或边界情形，确认假设少一条会怎样。
3. 把证明拆成可独立检验的引理，每步只保留一个新想法。
4. 若涉及计算或形式化，先写可复现的小例子，再谈一般情形。
5. 记下尚未解决的缺口：缺估计、缺构造，还是缺正确的范畴。

和智能体、形式化工具怎么接

龙虾PRO做 OpenClaw 落地时，数学笔记最有用的部分往往是「可检验的步骤」：定义、反例、引理边界。智能体适合帮忙展开计算和检索，不适合代替你决定哪条假设能扔。

本文侧重全链路风控方法论。落地时请用自身业务单据做回放验证，不要把示例阈值直接当生产策略。 相关：风控体检 · 方案资源